Tag: genetics

Abstract

A hypothesis is presented that living systems are controlled by an electromagnetic field which is responsible for all biological organisation of information, energy and matter. The overall form of the field is that of nested toroidal structures, enabling a general centripetal flow of energy towards the organs, cell nuclei and ultimately, bio-molecules. Local refinements of structure take on the form of energetic ring vortices which flow through the various conduits existing within the host organism to provide a transport mechanism for both information and energy. Such an energy flow is analogous to the Chi of traditional Chinese medicine. The mechanism of action of such a field is by electromagnetic signalling upon the fractal field structure of cellular and molecular collectives, thus providing for a top-down causation which is amenable to influence from an electromagnetic cognitive system. The whole arrangement is not only consistent with recent developments in electrodynamic physics, but is an inevitable consequence of them. The physical forms of biological structures and measurable conductive properties of tissue types, together with the laws of electromagnetism give clues as to the precise nature of local energy flow and these conjectures are supported in many cases by existing observations. The hypothesis has implications for health, bio-regulation, the origins of life, morphogenesis, embryonic development, the circulation of the blood, consciousness studies, the mind-body problem and biological inheritance.

Introduction

The existence of some sort of energetic bio-field in living systems has long been hypothesised as responsible for otherwise seemingly intractable problems such as molecular and cellular organisation, energy management, the origins of life, inheritance, morphogenesis, embryonic development, enzyme reactions, regeneration and consciousness. However, the problem has been identifying the nature of such a field and the precise mechanism by which it interfaces with known existing processes.

Proposals have been made for ‘bio-electric’ systems, morphogenic fields, subtle energies, etheric bodies, quantum coherence, quantum entanglement, a ‘dynamic kinetic state’, ‘living’ or ‘vital’ energies such as the Chinese ‘chi’, ‘consciousness’ as an organising force and even proposals of extra dimensions to accommodate all the additional information.

Most of these solutions rely upon some causal origin outside of classical physics and this is immediately problematic for a variety of reasons.

• In the first instance, we need an entire new physics to explain the properties of the new domain and a whole set of laboratory techniques by which to measure them.
• Secondly, we need a theory of how our new ‘energies’ are able to influence existing physical processes. How can anything that is non-physical have any influence on the physical world at all? Some mechanism needs to be described.
• Thirdly, having found some way of influencing physical reality, we need to explain, how such a thing can happen without transgressing the current laws of observable physics with nobody noticing. We need to decide whether what we are seeing in biological systems is consistent with the laws of physics or not.

If we think that the existing laws of physics are sufficient to describe reality, then we automatically rule out any other causal influence and cannot explain what we see in biology. We have to say that things ‘just happen’ in accordance with the laws of nature but we have no idea why they happen. We observe the bio-chemical reactions that occur in embryonic development but cannot explain how it is that those particular molecules were in that particular place at that particular time so as to create such a consistent morphology.

Something is clearly missing. The answer must be that the laws of physics are incomplete and that what we are seeing is some subset of the available behaviours, some shadow on the wall of Plato’s cave, when what we really need to see is the full spectrum of sunlight and activity that produces such shadows.

A solution is described here in terms of an extension to current electromagnetic theory which introduces an intrinsic ‘energy’ to electromagnetic fields, thereby allowing them to become proactive in initiating biological events whilst at the same time preserving the integrity of current research results and providing no contradiction with the existing laws of electrodynamics.

The resulting activity of electromagnetic fields is shown to provide credible mechanisms for many hitherto unexplained phenomena, whilst the existing laws of physics remain in force at all times.

Bio-fields in living systems have been hypothesised before but without a clear description of their fundamental nature. This hypothesis explicitly describes them as:

• Electromagnetic fields
• Forming natural vortex structures
• Having intrinsic ‘movement’
• Having intrinsic ‘energy’
• Giving rise to centripetal flow of both energy and matter

The hypothesis

Overview

Biological processes are controlled by a supervening ‘bio-field’ which is responsible for the management of all all energy, matter and information within living systems.

The field is electromagnetic in nature and acts in accordance with extant laws of electromagnetism, but with an added predisposition to ‘movement’ which gives it an intrinsic energy similar to descriptions of the Chinese concept of Chi. It has the ability to propel itself through the conductive elements of biological systems and a general propensity towards centripetal, as opposed to radial, movement of energy.

The relationship between the magnetic and electric components of the field together with its intrinsic movement necessarily gives rise to structures which are either helical or toroidal in nature. Such structures can carry energy around the system and are instrumental in histogenesis, organogenesis and morphogenesis.

Moving fields, when applied to a metal wire or antenna, will induce an electric current, with the result that the such field structures have already been measured in various ways but have been interpreted as mere electric currents or ‘bio-electricity’.

Organisation of field structures into longitudinal or Tesla waves enables communication both within and between organisms. Partial measurements of such phenomena have given rise to the misconception of ‘bio-photons’.

The supervening field functions in a top-down manner by acting upon the more basic electromagnetic fields that emerge (bottom up) from the coordination of cellular and molecular collectives, thereby enabling muscular contraction and sub-cellular organisation such as gene expression and protein folding.

Overall topology

The field has a fractal vortex topology. The outer toroidal field depicted in popular images extends beyond the body is no doubt correct, being an inevitable consequence of the laws of electromagnetism.

This field is often described as ‘radiating’ from the body but more likely adheres to the vortex principle, spiralling centripetally into the body and continuing inwards towards the various ‘chakras’. Here, the field forms sub-vortices at the central organs, supplying them with both electrical energy and a morphogenic template.

Further fractalisation takes place to form single cells within the organs. Each cell now forms its own vortex structure with a rotating nucleus forming the vortex ‘radius’ at the centre and the electric ‘field movement’ at the periphery being measured as an ‘electric current’ by various researchers.

Such field movement, giving rise to magnetic dipole forces throughout, likely helps the cells maintain cohesion, whilst the electric component maintains separation by repulsive forces.

Inside a cell, the field forms further fractal vortices within the intracellular water. Organisation is now at the level of the bio-molecule, with some proteins forming clear toroidal structures and DNA forming a double helix.

The field again fractalises to form smaller vortices at the scale of an atom where energy continues to accumulate, becoming intense enough to transmute atoms themselves from one element to another; sodium to potassium or magnesium to calcium, for example.

Free energy

This nested vortex field is all pervasive within biological systems and at the smallest scales constitutes what is sometimes called ‘free energy’ or misinterpreted as the thermodynamic ‘Gibbs energy’.

Thermodynamic (entropic) energy has a nature that is both random and dissipative, whereas a vortex field is highly organised according to an overall fractal pattern, with stable inward spiralling tendencies within each vortex and dissipation ‘managed’ via separate processes.

Energy gradients and field gradients arise naturally from the vortex structure with energy concentrations at the centre of vortices made available to meet the local needs of the cell, which will include enzyme reactions, protein construction, mitosis etc.

Measurements may well show statistical ‘randomness’ of energy distributions but this does not preclude the existence of a highly organised system of distribution along the lines of a fractal vortex structure; if the vortex nature is not looked for it will not be found. The energy is distributed at all physical scales according to the fractal principle and this is misinterpreted as simple diffusion.

Diffusion rates seem to vary in a highly propitious manner in biological systems according to a number of factors already under the control of the organism as a whole. One more control system in the form of adaptive vortex structures can easily go unnoticed.

The ring vortex

The ring vortex is a highly stable bio-field configuration arising naturally from the laws of electrodynamics. An energetic torus structure similar to those produced in water or smoke rings is capable of self-propulsion, self-stabilisation and self-repair to a certain degree. Energy and possibly information is easily transported via such structures along suitable conduits such as nerves or microtubules with the vortex itself adapting its morphology to suit the dimensions of such conduits.

Conversely, the concentration of energy within the vortex is used to actually create such conduits in the first place, with the stable toroidal topology acting as a morphological template for tubular structures.

Ring vortices are easily ‘steerable’, meaning they are amenable to control by a supervening morphogenetic field.

Energy accumulation

A ring vortex is a good example of an energy accumulator. Such rings move within a nested vortex structure of available energy which will spiral inwards towards the ring and amalgamate with the existing structure thereby acting as an ever present distributed power supply.

Watch such rings organise smoke in the air or see them self-propel through water; they seem to persist longer than other types of fluid disturbances which dissipate fairly quickly. Either they have found some way of avoiding frictional losses or they are harvesting energy from their surroundings. Similarly, a tornado accumulates distributed energy from its surroundings and concentrates it at the vortex radius.

Scalar waves

A succession of ring vortices can self-align and form a resonant connection between two points in the form of what is variously termed ‘longitudinal waves’, ‘scalar waves’ or ‘Tesla waves’. [1]

Such constructs transport both energy and information through suitable conduits such as microtubules or nerves, where the nodes of Ranvier determine the wavelength of resonant standing wave which acts as a carrier for the vortex rings.

These electromagnetic waves now need no physical medium through which to propagate, nor do they consist of streams of moving electrons. Rather, the electromagnetic standing wave forms its own carrier medium, with the ‘message’ transmitted solely by means of modulations of the carrier field itself.

No electrical resistance exists within this medium and hence energy loss is at a minimum, with even the possibility of the whole structure accumulating energy from its surroundings as a supplementary power supply.

Connection to the cosmos

Animals, plants and humans demonstrate a clear and largely rhythmic connection to the cosmos, maintaining diurnal and annual cycles and even somehow synchronising with lunar or planetary cycles. In addition to this we see animals showing signs of distress long before a hurricane hits, pigeons finding their way back to a loft over hundreds of miles and other birds migrating thousands of miles to the same nest site each year.

One suspected mechanism is a coupling between magnetic particles in the brain of a creature and modulations of the Earth’s magnetic field.

Such a link is somewhat crude, however, and a better alternative is proposed whereby electromagnetic variations have a direct impact upon the bio-field of an organism by ‘field coupling’ of internal vortex structures. This enables each individual organ to interpret input as it sees fit and in addition explains why such a mechanism, being effectively unmeasurable, has not yet been identified by modern science.

Morphogenesis

It is proposed that these energetic vortex structures form the origins of morphology within biological systems. The vortices play host to strong field gradients which are responsible for the physical arrangement of matter and hence for the construction, maintenance and reproduction of living cells.

Transmutation

The measured levels of mineral ions within living organisms is best explained by the existence of elemental transmutation as hypothesised by Louis Kervran. The mechanism is hitherto unexplained, but the centripetal accumulation of energy within vortex systems seems a likely candidate for the progenitor of such processes.

Evidence and arguments

In support of vitalism

The hypothesis presented here is explicitly vitalist in the sense that it is proposing the existence of an organised and dynamic form of invisible ‘energy’ that courses throughout all life forms and is the source of all meaningful and constructive biological action.

This idea may be regarded by some as so intellectually disordered as to be hardly worth considering [5][11], but sceptics should reflect that there are already multiple forms of energy which are readily accepted by mainstream science as both existing and available for use within living systems:

• Brownian ‘energy’: The random vibration of molecules said to be the cause of Brownian motion and fuel for ‘Brownian motors’ [6]
• Gibbs energy (Free energy): This is formulated as thermodynamic (i.e. entropic) in nature but is still somehow thought to act as the source of energy for many bio-molecular interactions. [7]
• Quantum vacuum energy: This is claimed by physicists to exist in vast quantities. Nobody has verified the quantities claimed and yet belief in its existence persists. [8]
• Electricity and electron transport chains: This is the flow of small particles (electrons or ions) which bear similar charges (positive or negative) and therefore exhibit mutually repulsive (dissipative) forces. [9]
• Heat: Heat is again thermodynamic and dissipative in nature, it has no innate organisational capacity according to its current scientific formulation, but is still considered by some as a possible source of meaningful energy for biological systems. [10]

In all cases, the observed effects are centripetal and organisational, but the assumed mechanism is dissipative, both energetically and informationally. For such mechanisms to work in this way therefore, we require that it is the material component, i.e. the physical bio-molecules, which are playing the organisational role whilst the energy is a mere power source.

Molecules, however, are just molecules and have no organisational capacity so we need to re-locate the causal impulse elsewhere. The hypothesis presented here puts the organisational and informational responsibility upon a structured energy source and delegates a passive role to the molecules themselves.

To choose one example, ‘free’ energy is claimed to be harvested by Brownian motors to perform meaningful tasks in biological systems. This is just about plausible, maybe, but it doesn’t explain how the motor was constructed in the first place nor how it maintains a regular supply of precisely the correct amount of energy without apparent buffering, feedback or other form of regulation.

We therefore have a need for some fundamental organisational ‘principle’ and, in addition, some physical instantiation of such a principle.

Energy itself needs to be organised, regulated, and transported from A to B. It needs to flow along some sort of conduit and needs to have the capacity to move or assemble biological material. The energy itself must have some internal structure which is more than just a random collection of vibrating atoms. We need some candidate for this energy field and preferably one that is within the scope of current physics.

The solution that immediately suggests itself is that of a dynamic and to some extent self-organising electromagnetic field which operates according to the laws of electromagnetism. An inward moving vortex principle [2] counters the tendency to dissipation, whilst the strong field gradients are instrumental in the movement and orientation of charged particles. Furthermore, the accumulation towards the centre of a vortex provides sufficient energy to promote chemical reactions.

The electromagnetic nature of the field allows movement of both energy and information along conductive pathways within the organism such as nerves, microtubules and blood vessels, with such movement being instigated and maintained by the innate energy of the field itself.

A form of ‘vitalism’ is thereby described without the assumption of any new physics apart from the idea that the field is ‘dynamic’, i.e. imbued with its own innate energy which enables self-propulsion around the body with no apparent motivating force.

It is possibly this aspect of vitalism that will repel many, this idea that something can move or propagate by means of itself without any external motivational force or apparent attenuation.

However, consider the humble photon, it fulfils precisely these criteria: it is an electromagnetic field phenomenon that self propagates at the speed of light with no external energy input and will continue to do so until something gets in its way. Its speed, frequency, energy and amplitude will not diminish. Energy and information are transported from one end of the cosmos to the other with no theoretical or measurable loss.

The bio-field proposed here can in some sense be regarded as a more complex version of a photon, a folding and propagation of a dynamic electromagnetic field which evolves in accordance with the field equations in combination with the local conductive conditions.

A recent paper describes a photon as a solution to Maxwell’s equations in the form of a toroidal vortex [75]

Centripetal energy flow: the vortex principle

The generalised ‘vortex principle’ as described by Meyl [2], is that of an inward spiralling flow of energy, fluid or plasma towards a central vortex ‘radius’. Flow inside the radius is of the form of solid body rotation and where the centripetal flow meets the solid body rotation, an intensification of density and velocity is achieved, giving rise to a distinct impression of solidity to the whole phenomenon.

This is easily be observed in the formation of tornadoes to take but one example. Air flows inwards towards the centre with increasing energy and velocity, and a vortex radius is formed with the appearance of a ‘wall’ of air, within which the wind speed diminishes to a calm centre. This wall of air characterises the phenomenon in our minds as a distinct object, a ‘tornado’ even though what is really present is a continuum of air flow with no actual sub-divisions.

The same illusion can be extended to all objects in the universe from black holes to stars, planets, human beings, individual cells and even single sub-atomic particles such as electrons. [1]

Already with this single principle, we have:

• Centripetal energy flow as a counter to radial dissipation
• The tension between centripetal and centrifugal flow as the basis for the self- regulation of energy
• The vortex radius acting as a morphological template
• The coexistence of stability and flexibility
• The creation of electromagnetic field gradients to be used in charge separation
• An accumulation of available energy at the vortex to enable enzyme reactions etc.

The Hairy Ball Theorem

The hairy ball theorem of algebraic topology can be summarised as saying that you cannot comb the hair on a coconut, say, without creating a ‘whorl’ somewhere. This is true of all hairy balls but not of a torus, however, where it is possible to comb all the hairs in a smooth fashion either around or through the central ring. [14]

We can try to imagine the global flow of air on our planet and find that, again, there must be at least one whorl somewhere. In fact the weather system is composed entirely of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic structures.

The theorem is in the realm of topology and is therefore agnostic of the mechanism or medium. It applies to any directional ‘field’ including the dynamic electromagnetic fields we are considering here. The electric and magnetic components of such a dynamic field will always be at right angles to each other and so in the case of a ring vortex (torus), we will see one of these circumnavigate the torus whilst the other moves into, through and out of, the hole in the torus. [19]

Movement of an electromagnetic field leads to a tendency to ‘curl’ and so we will necessarily see the following features:

• Constant spiral or rotational ‘movement’
• Magnetic and electrical components at right angles to each other
• The torus topology for a sustainable flow
• Scale invariance

The emergence of the torus structure is therefore almost a theoretical inevitability, with helices and spherical vortices representing variations on a theme.

The hairy ball theorem [14] is phrased in terms of pure topology and is agnostic of scale, medium, mechanism or precise shape. This makes it eminently suitable for biological systems where we can expect to see the same principles in operation at all scales, from molecule to cell and up to the level of the organism as a whole. Moreover, the shape of any organism is in a state of constant change whilst the topology remains stable.

The ubiquity of the torus structure at all scales of reality

At the largest scale of reality possible we find that a torus is but one proposed topology for the entire universe and within this, we have many instances of plasma toruses often with diameters of many light years. [13][15]

The shapes seen in the cosmos can be reproduced in a laboratory by energising a plasma with an electric potential. The gas on first appearance seems to self-organise in accordance with the field equations of Maxwell and maintains a stable toroidal form. The rotating gas molecules are not flung out by centrifugal forces but maintain a stable torus shape, held together by centripetal electromagnetic field forces. [16] In other words, it is actually the field forces that are organising the molecules and not the other way around.

We therefore have observational evidence again that within an electromagnetic field we see the emergence of both centripetal flow and persistence of form i.e. ‘stability’, each highly desirable features within living systems.

Similar forms can be seen within weather systems as mentioned, in smoke rings, and in the formation of underwater rings which hold their form and self-propel with minimal attenuation. The shapes and behaviour of these rings are so similar to those produced by electric fields that we can speculate that they too, are at least in part, the product of organisational electromagnetic forces and not just the emergent result of the kinetic motion of molecules.

This idea has theoretical support from Konstantin Meyl, who models gases (and indeed fluids), not as a collection of molecules operating under kinetic forces but as an electromagnetic continuum governed entirely by the laws of electrodynamics. [1]

The human bio-field is said to have been measured as a torus field centred at the heart and although actual evidence is hard to find, a toroidal structure is a theoretical inevitability given the laws of physics and the rotational electric fields found in the heart itself. [17] The organs may be visualised as manifestations of toroidal templates and red blood cells are a clear torus shape hosting rotating electric currents [19]. Proteins have been visualised as surrounded by, and hence likely organised by, toroidal electromagnetic fields [18].

Meyl has pointed out that the hexagonal rings on many bio-molecules are ideal frameworks around which vortex fields can accumulate [1] and has formulated single electrons as simple spherical vortices, akin to a torus, but with a closed centre.

Helical and vortex structures are found in the bloodstream, again at all scales, from the ring vortices exiting the heart [4] to smaller helical structures in the arteries and ultimately, as mentioned, the red blood cells themselves. [19]

As above, so below..

“That which is above is like to that which is below, and that which is below is like to that which is above.” [26]

The famous Hermetic maxim is nothing more or less than the assertion that the same physical laws are in operation at all points in the universe and at all scales of reality. This is particularly pertinent with theories of vortex physics, where the basic vortex structure is both geometrically scalable and easily observable in all parts of the cosmos.

Arthur Yu’s water engine

The ‘water engine’ as described by Yu and Pollack [21] [77] serves as a most basic example of spontaneous self-organising centripetal toroidal flow.

A capillary tube is placed into a container of water and a global vortex flow begins almost immediately, with water flowing from the periphery of the container, towards the tube at the centre and through it to exit at the other end. Flow speeds up if energy, in the form of infrared light, is directed at the container as a whole.

This may be seen as a template for the general flow of energy (Chi) within a biological entity, for the organised toroidal movement of water and for the transport of other materials within such a flow.

Viscous flow

Small scale fluid flow is described as flow with a low Reynolds number, where inertial forces are insignificant compared to so called ‘viscous’ forces [22]. However, in a model of a liquid as an electromagnetic continuum, viscous forces are necessarily electromagnetic in nature and therefore acting according to the laws of electromagnetism [20]. The lack of inertial forces at small scales therefore implies a complete dominance of electromagnetic forces and the inevitable emergence of toroidal vortex structures, despite conventional descriptions of low Reynolds flow as ‘laminar’.

The theoretical mismatch here arises from the failure of science to accurately describe the nature of viscous forces. They seem not to be defined in terms of the fundamental forces of physics but simply by the effect that they have [23], with no purported mechanism or theoretical basis and no particular ‘character’ to them, apart from attenuating movement and dissipating energy as heat.

The recognition of such forces as fundamentally electromagnetic in nature immediately imbues the fluid with additional properties consonant with such forces and greatly promotes the understanding of biological systems in general and blood flow in particular. Viscous forces do not just impede flow but encourage specific geometric and dynamic flow patterns.

The movement of bacteria though low Reynolds number flow has been compared to a human scale swimmer swimming through warm roofing tar [72][73]. This is a clear impossibility and so there must be some other principle involved.

Physical form reflects field structure

The bio-field of the human body does not exist independently of the physical matter that hosts it, particularly when that physical matter consists of ions, electrons and other particles, which, even though they have neutral charge overall, nevertheless present complex charge profiles to the external environment. All these charges are associated with local electromagnetic fields and these will inevitably integrate with any global field structure.

Conversely, an organised collection of charged particles cannot be assembled without the motivating force of an electromagnetic field and cannot sustain its organisation without the continued existence of such a field.

The fields arising from the physical particles on the one hand and the global bio-field on the other, do not exist side-by-side or in different ‘dimensions’; they are not separate or ‘superimposed’ in any sense, but instead form a single unified electromagnetic field which necessarily obeys the fundamental laws of such.

It therefore follows that the organisation of the particles. i.e. the outward form of the physical body, is a reflection of the underlying bio-field and that as a result, we may make deductions as to the structure of the field from outward observations of the material body whilst at the same time making predictions about the workings of such a body based upon purely theoretical considerations of the nature of electromagnetism.

The fractal nature of the field

Everywhere in nature we see torus shapes nested within torus shapes and we can now speculate that these physical forms are induced by the action of an electrodynamic field which must, as a consequence, be fractal in nature.

Weather systems necessarily assume an overall toroidal topology by the Hairy Ball Theorem [14] and this is itself comprised of smaller cyclonic systems at the scale of continents which in turn play host to tornadoes and ever smaller eddies in the air at the scale of a human. In the cosmos, we see an arguably toroidal universe divided into spiralling galaxies of obvious fractal structure and nebulae of striking double helix formations.

Turning to the human body now, we have an overall physical whole which is divided into smaller organs and conduits, each of which is further sub-divided into cells containing nucleus, microtubules, proteins, hexagonal molecular rings and the double helix structures of DNA.

The natural conclusion is that the bio-field of the human body is organised according to an identical topology, with each distinguishable biological artefact acting as host to an individual vortex field which was the progenitor of that artefact and which subsequently maintains it throughout its lifespan.

The similarity of structures throughout the cosmos suggests a similar underlying cause, namely the fractalisation of an electromagnetic field. Moreover, if we are satisfied that the human bio-field is electromagnetic in nature and that the laws of physics apply everywhere in the universe, then a fractal vortex bio-field is a necessary consequence of this argument and the observations of physical form are mere confirmation.

The energy cascade

Energy, in a vortex, will move from the periphery to the centre in a spiral flow to create a ‘radius’ of peak intensity; energy is accumulated in a centripetal fashion.

Other vortices can arise within the main flow and will, in turn, accumulate energy from their environs and direct it inwards towards their local radius. An energy cascade is thereby formed, with energy moving down the physical scale from large to small and from outer to inner (nested) vortices. [25] [31]

The flow is therefore from periphery to centre both within a single vortex and between multiple vortices of a fractal cascade.

“Big whirls have little whirls that feed on their velocity, And little whirls have lesser whirls and so on to viscosity” – Lewis Richardson [25]

Conductivity and conduits

The proposed bio-field is composed of a ‘living’ energy similar to descriptions of Chi and clearly fulfils many of the properties attributed to such an ‘energy’ [27]. In contemporary terminology this means a field consisting of electrodynamic vortices of either a ring type (similar to plasma or smoke rings) or a helical flow. The rings proceed under their own propulsive energy and adapt according to local conductive conditions, giving the field a ‘living’ aspect.

We can therefore speculate as to the direction and degree of the flow of energy around the system according to the conductivity and geometry of the various tissue types and structures within the body.

Nervous conduction

One example is the nerve axons which are electrically conductive on the inside but are surrounded by a non-conductive myelin sheath. The function of the sheath is assumed to be ‘insulation’, which is to say, to stop the electrons spilling out into the surrounding tissue. However, it has been proposed by Meyl [1] that the function of the sheath is to host a magnetic ring vortex which carries both energy and information along the nerve sheath.

The reduced electrical conductivity within the myelin sheath inhibits the movement of the electrical field component thereby encouraging relative movement of the magnetic component and this results in a travelling magnetic ring vortex with an electrical ‘dipole’ field along the centre of the nerve. It is this electric field movement that is measured by scientists and misinterpreted as the movement of electrons i.e. an electric current.

Support for the ring vortex hypothesis is given by the observations that nerve currents are seen to move faster in those sections of nerve having thicker myelin sheaths and the fact that that depletion of the sheath leads to highly impaired nerve conductivity. [28]


Meyl goes further and suggests that the nodes of Ranvier impede the progress of the ring vortices to encourage the formation of standing waves similar to those of a plucked guitar string. This standing wave is now available for the
transmission of biological information which travels, not by the movement of electrons but by subtle modulations of a stationary and highly stable electromagnetic field. No movement of matter or charge is present, no electrical resistance impedes flow and as a consequence there is no loss of energy via heat. Communication of information is thereby achieved with close to 100% efficiency.

Energy management

Some sort of electric potential or current is produced in almost every cell of the body [33] and conversely, each cell ‘consumes’ a certain amount of energy as part of its normal function. Energy deficit leads to impaired function whilst an energy surplus is clearly unsustainable and damaging in the long term. The energy requirement of each cell will vary hugely according to activity and there is no reason why the rate of production should always match the rate of consumption. What is key here is not static levels of energy but the rate at which such levels change. The rate of change must have an average of zero over long time frames.

There is therefore a need for a global energy management system to transfer surplus energy from one cell to another which is either suffering from an immediate deficit or is predicted to be so in the near future.

How does this work? Does a cell somehow monitor its own levels and send out a signal for more energy even before it is needed? Are all cells monitoring for such a signal? Are they somehow able to ‘know’ that they have surplus energy and to release it in quantities as required and in the appropriate direction?

This all seems highly unlikely. Moreover, this needs to happen at all scales and so we need some sort of system for the delivery and regulation of energy at the scale of the organism as a whole, at the scale of a cell and even down to the scale of a molecule. We need monitoring, feedback and buffering at all these levels in order to ensure there is no overload, bottleneck or deficit.

The problem, as stated, is fractal in nature and so a fractal solution is immediately looked for. A management system in the form of an energy cascade within a nested vortex structure is a clear candidate for at least the basis of such a system.

Energy spirals inwards towards the centre of a vortex and accumulates at a radius. A concentration of energy is formed along with steep energy gradients, both features doubtless serving useful functions within the system. A surplus of energy at the centre causes the radius to expand and for an alteration of the surrounding field gradient which tends to discourage the accumulation of further energetic input, such energy remaining round the periphery to be made available to other neighbouring vortices.

Conversely, a lessening of energy within the vortex, leaves the vortex open to the influx of external input and a replenishment can take place even before a functional deficit has occurred.

Excess of energy can be stored for later use by means of the formation of sub-vortices within the larger leading to further fractalisation of the field.

The vortex system therefore provides, via the most basic laws of physics, a self-stabilising basis for the regulation of free energy, already equipped with a transmission mechanism, feedback and automatic buffering.

The overall energy flow

The overall flow of free energy within the body is from the periphery to the centre. Energy is produced in the outer tissues (muscle cells) and moves inward towards the central organs whose energy demand is high but also variable. This overall flow is somewhat self-regulating by the vortex principle and ensures that there is neither a long term excess or deficit as far as the organs are concerned.

The organs themselves are topological toruses and energy moves within them in a vortex pattern in accordance with the Hairy Ball Theorem [14]. The vortex cascade continues inwards to individual cells, which themselves form ‘spherical’ vortices, and thence down to the scale of ring vortices accumulating round the hexagonal rings on biomolecules. Meyl [1] has shown that electrons and protons themselves can be thought of as spherical electromagnetic field vortices and so the whole organism is may be conceptualised solely as a self-organising fractal field structure with no real distinction between matter, energy and field.

Energy flows in the same way that the water in a river flows and if a ‘conduit’ is encountered then the energy flows along the conduit. In terms of electric field energy, a conduit is an arrangement of matter whose conductive geometry is propitious for the formation and movement of electric field structures. A common pattern for a conduit will be a tube such as a nerve fibre which is electrically insulating but magnetically conductive. This allows the conduction of self-propelling ring vortices where the movement is mostly in the magnetic domain. A longitudinal electric field modulation forms in the interior of the conduit and is measured as an electric current. The whole structure has the nature of an electromagnetic longitudinal wave as described by Nikola Tesla.

Concrete examples

The heart, brain and chakras

The general flow of energy within the body is inwards towards the organs, with a special concentration at those needing the most energy including the heart, brain and uterus. These happen to coincide with the oriental descriptions of the chakras as the fundamental ‘energy centres’ of living beings.

The heart, being at the centre of the torso, is the recipient of a great concentration of energy and as a consequence, its bio-field is measured as correspondingly more powerful. This may be regarded as an explanation as to why the heart is where it is: the location has not much to do with the efficiency of pumping but everything to do with energy management and the structure of an electromagnetic vortex field.

Any vortex system has a concentration of energy towards the centre and in a living organism there must be something at that centre. Whatever this something is, it is necessarily the recipient of a continuous stream of energy. It therefore must process this energy one way or another and ideally in a way that benefits the organism. Unlimited accumulation of energy is unsustainable and therefore a priority of such a central organ is the dissipation of such energy. From considerations of energy management alone then, we can predict the evolution of an ‘organ of distribution’ at the centre of any reasonably large organism.

The heart must not run out of energy; this is paramount. Furthermore, it needs to be able to increase output at a moments notice in anticipation of exercise and therefore must, in normal circumstances, have access to more energy than it needs for its current purposes.

One way of this is via some sort of buffer or accumulator which fills up in times of plenty and is available for use at any time. This sounds fine at first but a buffer still needs management and can only hold enough energy for a finite (short) period. ATP and ADP are said to perform this function but their energy capacity is clearly limited.

A more dynamic solution is provided for by the mechanism of a constant and plentiful flux of energy which enters via the vortex mechanism and whose excess is moved elsewhere by a different mechanism. Looking at the architecture of the brain we see that a large and efficient conductor of ring vortices exists in the form of the vagus nerve. Excess energy at the heart therefore moves itself along a path of least resistance upwards towards the brain, creating a large toroidal energy field which is measurable a few feet away from the head, being almost as powerful as the field from the heart itself. In addition to this, electrical energy is imparted to the red blood cells, themselves hosting toroidal ring vortices, and moved along the blood stream to the organs and capillary beds.

So, far from running out of energy and having to request more of it in times of stress, the heart is always supplied with surplus energy, being at the centre of the main dynamic energy flux of the whole human body. It only uses a portion of such energy to keep itself beating and distributes the remainder via the conductive pathways available.

Furthermore, the fractal nature of the energy provides for an automatically regulating buffering system, with excess local energy forced into ever smaller scale vortices. This energy is kept at a small scale by centripetal ‘pressure’ until such time as this pressure diminishes, under which circumstances, it will be released to a larger scale for practical ‘consumption’. We have a de facto buffering system managed by the fundamental laws of vortex physics.

Muscular contraction

The act of muscular contraction is achieved by a single instruction to ‘contract’ which initiates a top-down fractal cascade of information and energy transfer from a high level vortex field down through the levels of muscle groups, muscles, cells organelles and finally molecular sized modulations of the electric field system.

A man wishes to commence walking, so he initiates the process by some conscious ‘intention’ and his muscles soon start to move. The idea that the brain somehow coordinates the contraction of each individual muscle cell to achieve this is not credible and so some distributed processing system is required.

The brain forms an intention to walk and a signal in the form of a ring vortex is sent from the brain to the leg with the high level instruction ‘lift leg’ or something similar. This is soon translated to ‘contract muscle group’ and the group apportions duties to individual muscles, requiring them to contract according to a specific pre-determined pattern and according to stereotyped relative tensions.

The instructions and consequent actions are already moving down the fractal cascade of a nested toroidal structure and now move further inwards to individual cells, with instructions now to ‘contract cell’. The energy and information continue to fractalise down to the scale of organelles and molecules whereupon local free energy is utilised in accordance with the instructions and the structure of the local bio-field is now physically deformed to become directly causal in the contraction.

The nature of the initial instructions to ‘contract’ may be regarded as ‘high level programming’, but both the general top-down fractal vortex flow and the final action are mediated by the very basic laws of physics.

Biological instructions are represented as physical modulations on the structure of a ring vortex (or similar). These physical modulations can be interpreted as ‘information’ at the higher level, but at the scale of an atom, will have a physical and meaningful effect on cellular activity; what started out as an ‘instruction’, now constitutes ‘action’. There is therefore no formal separation between information and implementation with this scheme.


As the muscle contracts, modulations of the local vortex field travel back up the fractal structure to provide feedback to the brain. Local field structures at the sub-cellular level merge to provide an executive summary of the state of the cell and such cellular signals then merge to provide a higher level summary of the tensions within the muscle group as a whole. Functional field movement has now become higher level ‘information’ again and the feedback loop is complete. The brain receives, not a detailed record of the activity of each cell but a highly processed executive summary of only the essential ‘cognitive’ information.

Both ‘cognition’ (biological information processing) and ‘function’ use the same medium now and differ only by their relative positions in the fractal cascade.

“‘Information’ is the structure of a scalar wave” – Konstantin Meyl. [1]

The primo vascular system

Description

The primo vascular system consists of an interconnected system of ducts, the Bong-Han ducts, which are said to be electrically conductive and to have endings in almost every cell in the body. They exist inside the heart and the blood vessels and form networks surrounding each internal organ. If the ducts surrounding a particular organ are disconnected from the main system, then that organ will eventually die. There appears to be no central pump for this system and the function is unknown. [34] [35] [36]

The system as a whole has the character of a ‘balancing system’, whereby a build up of energy of some sort around one will lead, by some sort of ‘pressure’ to a transfer of energy along the connective ducts to a neighbouring organ. The process repeats, with the result that the system achieves a stable state. No elaborate equipment is needed, a state of equal global potential is achieved in an almost fail-safe manner by the basic laws of physics alone.

A similar argument holds for any organ suffering a deficit of energy for whatever reason; the required energy rushes in from the distributed system to compensate.

Relevance to the model

Both the physical disposition and the assumed function of the primo vascular system fit well within the hypothesis of an overall toroidal energy flow. Energy spirals inwards towards the heart, for example, providing it with a continuous supply. Surplus energy is essential for continued function and for any sudden change in requirements and so already we have a need to deal with such a surplus when it is not needed.

According to this hypothesis, the flow towards the heart depends to a large extent on the simple geometry of the body, and it would be an incredible feat if the heart was always supplied by the precise amount of energy it requires by this means alone.

All energy distribution systems have sumps, accumulators or buffering systems and the body is no exception to this rule. Energy accumulates at a natural vortex radius and the Bong-Han networks appear to be coincident with these radii within the body. Excess energy never even makes it into the heart (it cannot afford to ‘cook’), but moves into the electrically conductive ducts and is distributed elsewhere by means of ring vortices. A heart requiring additional energy will ‘invite’ it in from the Bong-Han system as a whole by means of basic physical laws, resulting in a very highly stable and reliable system indeed.

An organ disconnected from the buffering system will survive for a while on its extant energy supply but in the long term will suffer both an excess and deficit at different times and will inevitably deteriorate.

The flow of fluid within the system is said to be pulsatile but no physical pump is apparent. This already suggests the character of an ‘accumulator’; energy builds up somewhere to reach a threshold before being released at regular intervals thereby giving rise to a ‘beat’.

Acupuncture meridians

The meridian channels of Chinese acupuncture seem to mostly follow the lines of fascia between the muscles but are occasionally seen to pass through holes in the fascia and to navigate from superficial layers to deeper muscle tissue, crossing tissue boundaries and presumably conductive discontinuities. How is this possible?

One answer may be that a resonant scalar wave connection has been formed between the two endpoints. These are described by Meyl [1] and take the form of longitudinal electromagnetic waves (Tesla waves). Such waves will conduct both information and energy and be stable to perturbation. The channel may not be spatially fixed but will adapt to physical extension or flexion of the muscles to maintain a highly robust connection.

The construction of proteins

The image below shows the electromagnetic field lines around a protein [38]. The caption claims electrostatic lines but are nevertheless typical of a dynamic ring vortex.

The electrostatic field lines of TRAP, trp RNA binding attenuation protein

If the electric field lines have movement in the direction depicted then there will be magnetic field lines at right angles to these around the circumference of the torus, with the ring as a whole forming an electric dipole.

Interesting questions arise such as how a collection of molecules could produce and maintain such a field and how the molecules were assembled in the first place. These seem unanswerable at first sight and indeed they are unanswerable when phrased in this way, but if we regard the field itself as the progenitor and the molecules themselves as playing a passive role in the process, then all becomes clear.

The fractalisation of the intracellular bio-field is the initial step in the process. A ring vortex forms from the ambient field and starts to accumulate matter in the form of existing amino acids etc. The molecular structure grows, is formed according to local electromagnetic forces and eventually collapses (folds) in on itself. The folding is, again, within a structure containing strong field gradients and vortex forces and it is these that influence the eventual form of the protein as it moves down a least energy ‘funnel’. [39]

Certain foldings are supported and maintained by the vortex forces and others are not, any malformed protein is dismantled by an electromagnetic whirlwind and the process starts over.

The field torus itself persists, supplied with energy from the fractal cascade, thereby maintaining the molecular structure of the protein which cannot exist without formative forces. If the energy supply were to disappear, then so would the supporting vortex eventually degrade and the protein itself disintegrate.

The cell as a vortex

A cell sits between an organ and an organelle or molecule in terms of scale and in terms of placement within the body. An organ consists of many cells and a cell consists of many molecules. This is consistent with the proposal of an overall fractal organisation to the physical structure.

Several characteristics of a cell help to cement the idea that it is coincident with an electromagnetic vortex.

The cellular nucleus

A vortex concentrates energy towards the centre and typically forms a distinctive ‘radius’ such as can be seen with a tornado for example. The cellular nucleus is an obvious candidate for the cellular vortex radius. A discontinuity of tissue is observed and a markedly different collection of molecular interactions occurs within the nucleus, consistent with markedly different field gradients and energy levels.

A nucleus is said to rotate within the cell [40] [41] which implies the impact of a rotational force. This is again consistent with the idea of a vortex radius; the nucleus is at the cell’s central vortex radius and rotates with it, dragged around by electromagnetic forces.

This rotation is thought to be somehow involved in cellular migration. The idea of a fractal vortex system now gives us a basis for thinking about the mechanisms of such migration. Each cell is a single vortex with rotational field movement at the periphery which interacts with neighbouring cells to achieve stability, morphogenesis and migration.

The idea of a moving cell within an otherwise static environment is unlikely to lead to a solution but a cell in a landscape of constantly rotating electric field vortices already possesses the necessary energy and already has dynamic boundary forces acting upon it from its neighbours. All that is needed is the application of some external supervening field to somehow organise local vortices into biologically meaningful movement. This influence is unlikely to act upon each individual cellular vortex but upon some emergent field of the cellular collective as a whole. Local laws are preserved but the collective seems to develop ‘intentional’ behaviour by no visible means; it appears to ‘self-organise’.

Making predictions

It is said that good scientific theory should make verifiable predictions and this attitude has considerable merit. The problem with biology lies in the fact that seemingly everything that happens in a living organism that is capable of observation has already been observed and described, leaving little chance of making original predictions.

What we can do, however, is to describe some obvious consequences of the vortex hypothesis and then check to see of they are consistent with existing observations and explanations.

Cellular adhesion and organisation

If each cell forms an electromagnetic vortex then we expect that a spinning electric field is formed along with a magnetic dipole and that these constructs will interact with neighbouring cells. This overall field will entail magnetic forces that are attractive and electric forces that are repellent, thereby drawing the cells together whilst at the same time maintaining a regular separation between them.

To the classical scientist, the spinning electric field at the periphery may be interpreted as a ‘charge’ layer or may be measured as an electric current. The strong and ordered fields within the cell may have polarising effects on incident light.

Equatorial attraction

An electrical vortex consists of a spinning electric field which is necessarily accompanied by a magnetic dipole with north and south poles. It is commonly known that an attractive force exists between opposite poles, but lesser known is the ‘equatorial’ attraction, resulting from weaker forces at the equator and indeed all other parts of the magnetic field. [24]

It is proposed that it is these forces that at the periphery of each cell of the body and are responsible, at least in part, for the general cohesion of biological tissue.

A cellular vortex system

A vortex has an inner radius but the outer periphery of a cell is also an inner radius of a larger enclosing vortex system. We therefore would expect to find steep field and charge gradients at the outer edges of the cell, along with the consequential construction of a different tissue type i.e. a membrane.

The global weather system on Earth provides a good example of a cellular vortex system. The arrangement in the Northern hemisphere is one of continent sized anti-cyclones, at whose peripheries can be found counter rotating streams of air. Turbulence is formed and is manifest as tornadoes, i.e. smaller vortex formations with concomitant high-energy centres.

In an arrangement of biological cells therefore, we would expect to find smaller vortices in the extracellular matrix resulting in the formation of specialised bio-molecules such as adhesion proteins. These molecules may well have adhesive properties in their own right but may also act as accumulators for further vortex energy and it is these vortex formations that are instrumental in holding the cells together.

The forces are strong, short range and specialised, but necessarily sit within the larger cellular vortex system which supplies them with a continuous supply of free energy (vortex energy). If the organism should die then the energy supply eventually diminishes and there is a consequent weakening of adhesion; the cellular structure deteriorates and putrefaction commences.

Double layers and bi-layers

Vortices in cosmology and plasma experiments have been found to form electromagnetic ‘double layers’ of counter rotating fields. Such formations in biological systems are clear candidates for the formation of ‘bi-layers’ around cells and the zeta-potential around red blood cells. [42] [43] [44]

How else are alternating layers of positive and negative charge created and maintained? Such layers, under normal circumstances will theoretically attract each other and cancel each other out to form a collection of neutral particles with no particular structure, not even a membrane. There must therefore exist some other forces at play to keep the positive and negative apart and by which the bi-layer structure is maintained. The vortex structure is again implicated.

Ion currents and gradients

Everywhere in texts on cellular biology we read about the movement or accumulation of charge either in the form of ion currents or gradients. In the first case we have the organised movement of charged particles along a specific path and in the second we have the movement of charged particles apparently against a field gradient created by the particles themselves. How does this happen?

The only way to move a charged particle from one place to another is via electromagnetic forces; the force of gravity is only ever attractive and cannot contribute meaningfully to biological organisation. A positively charged particle will move along an electric field gradient from positive to negative or, via the relative movement of magnetic fields. We are therefore looking for an electric or magnetic field which is somehow created and maintained independently of the particles themselves.

A vortex fulfils this requirement. Just as a wind vortex will have a pressure differential from periphery to radius, so will an electromagnetic vortex demonstrate a difference of electric potential from periphery to centre. Such a field gradient will exist over the cell as a whole but also within the smaller vortices that make up the whole fractal cascade.

The specific case of a ring vortex can also maintain an electric potential difference within itself and can transport such a potential from one place to another; we have a mobile battery.

Morphogenesis

The problem of morphogenesis seems intractable given current models of biology. We need to say what the basic building blocks of biological matter consist of and how these are organised into a pre-determined structure. We need to say how this arrangement is encoded as information and how such information is translated into a stable three dimensional topology.

The word topology is used deliberately here. We can’t even say ‘shape’ as cells differ in their individual shapes according to local forces and are also continually changing form over time. A minor injury will result in repair to the point of a very similar, but not quite exact, simulation of the former morphology; the basic shape is there but the individual cells are different. The overall shape seems independent of the cells from which it is comprised thereby indicating the presence of some overall template and an independent construction process.

The vortex as a basis for morphogenesis

Consistent with the main theme of this paper, it can be considered that not only is the vortex the main driver of energy within living organisms but also the basis for the physical morphology of such systems as well. The vortex is a fundamental of nature; it can arise seemingly out of nothing, achieve a stable conformation and continue to accumulate energy with which to create further vortices via fractalisation.

The vortex as the basis for morphogenesis instantly solves many of the problems outlined above:

• The vortex is already a three dimensional shape. We are off to a good start.
• Stability to perturbation: A vortex maintains its integrity even as it is buffeted this way and that in a kinetically ‘noisy’ environment.
• Adaptability: Stability is maintained even though the vortex may be coerced by local forces to adopt different shapes or proportions on a permanent basis.
• Dynamic stability: In reality, many cells are changing shape continually and must still retain the capacity to perform the same tasks as if they were stationary.
• The overall functionality is therefore independent of precise shape and depends only upon the vortex topology.
• It is the vortex field itself that maintains physical form by the organisation of matter; the molecules do not order themselves. The precise local ordering of the molecules is therefore an outcome of the organisation, not the progenitor.
• Repair is effected by the ‘materialisation’ of an existing vortex structure. Minor damage removes matter but leaves the general bio-field intact. Such field expands out from an undamaged vortex ‘reservoir’, creating new tissue as it does so.

To convince ourselves of the possibility of morphogenesis from fractal vortices, we can look at some examples.

The morphogenesis of apples

The physical shape of an apple is clearly that of a spherical vortex. If we are to look for a morphogenic field template then we can surely do no better than a similarly structured spherical field vortex. The basic shape is stable and formed by the fundamental laws of physics, needing only minor modifications to become an apple or a pear, say.

By looking at the structure of the apple and making educated guesses as to the conductivity of the various parts, we can make inferences as to the nature of the energy flow around the fruit.

The apple receives both energy and information from the main tree. The stalk is an ideal conductor for energetic ring vortices, being moist and hence electrically conductive on the inside and dry and hence electrically insulating on the outside. An electrical current flows in the interior whilst magnetic ring vortices move through the ‘skin’. Information and energy from the whole of the tree enter the vortex system, circumnavigate the periphery and complete the circuit through the core. Energy concentrates and fractalises at the centre for the manufacture of seeds whilst morphogenic information from the tree as a whole is stored in a form suitable for inheritance.

The morphogenesis of strawberries

The strawberry is, again, an obvious vortex structure but this time with the seeds on the outside. A clear conical structure at the centre of the strawberry resembles the form of ‘corona’ discharge from a power line and from this structure radiates multiple filaments each ending in a little seed.

Energy then flows from leaf to plant and up the stalk to the fruit itself where the conical structure distributes energy and information along the filaments to the seeds.

Raspberries

We have a slightly different arrangement again. This time a central cone distributes energy to individual drupelets, each of which is formed by, and then maintains, its own spherical field vortex. Each such vortex has a ‘radius’ at the centre which concentrates energy inwards towards the seed.

The morphogenesis of the erythrocyte

The red blood cells are a clear torus structure and are said to be in the proportion of the Golden Ratio [19]. This is a proportion said to be propitious for the formation of electromagnetic vortices [1].

An electric current (green) circles living blood cells, giving rise to a magnetic dipole (pink).

A reasonable hypothesis then is that the electric field preceded the formation of the physical blood cell. The vortex system acted as an accumulator, drawing both energy and matter inwards for assembly into the required structure, where it is maintained by the same electromagnetic forces which created it in the first place.

Vascular morphogenesis

In the illustration below, the process of vascular development is easily interpreted as the progression of vortex templates from single vortices to vascular tube. [45]

Reading the diagram from left to right:

1. Elongated vortices (endothelial cells) develop a North-South dipole and self-organise according to magnetic forces, with North poles attracting South to form a chain.
2. Energy continues to accumulate within the organelles causing fractalisation and sub-vortices which lead to the formation of cytoplasmic vesicles.
3. These new vesicles orient along the magnetic field and continue to accumulate energy. They grow in size and elongate in accordance with the ambient field.
4. The vortex principle (centripetal flow) moves the new vesicles towards the centre of the whole chain where they merge together to form a cylinder at the inner radius of the tube.
5. Energy continues to accumulate at this radius and is available for maintenance, repair and possible contributions to blood flow.

The morphogenesis of the capillaries

Quite surprisingly, the morphogenesis of the capillaries is via a completely different method.

The first illustration from [46] represents a thin layer between the ectoderm (blue) and endoderm (yellow). This layer is the outer layer of the yolk sac and is therefore an inner ring of some enclosing vortex. Energy flow is therefore from left to right (or right to left) at the outer periphery of the vortex and approximately laminar (linear).

Interpreting the diagram, left to right:

1. The undifferentiated mesoderm acts as an energy accumulator. Turbulence arises in the energy flow, leading to the emergence of small vortices.
2. These materialise (somehow) as haemangioblasts and continue to accrue energy and to stabilise as physical structures.
3. Magnetic dipole and equatorial forces again lead to the orientation and adhesion of the haemangioblasts to form an aggregate which is now a de facto vortex of itself. This collective vortex continues to accumulate ambient energy and to redistribute it to the interior.
4. The periphery of this vortex is now an inner radius of the general flow and the energy concentration and field flow is such that further vortices are formed to become endothelial cells surrounding the blood island.
5. The endothelial cells expand and connect together via electromagnetic forces to form a continuous tube; the capillary.

The blood continues to attract energy but this is now modulated by the capillary walls and takes on a different form. This acts as a signal to the blood cells which will now differentiate, separate and start to flow, driven by the ambient electromagnetic field thereby created.

Mitosis

Mitosis is a complex affair comprising a multitude of many seemingly unconnected processes. [47] However, by considering the principle of energy conservation and asking “What are the forces that determine such processes?”, we can easily discern the characteristic signs of vortex activity.

A cell needs energy to reproduce and this energy must come from outside of the cell. Once within the cell, such energy must be directed toward the centrosomes somehow and some process must be initiated which creates the microtubules. There is a requirement, therefore, for energy to be both accumulated and organised in a manner appropriate to the complex task in hand.

A vortex system as so far described, satisfies these demands perfectly. Energy flows from the surrounding tissue according to the vortex principle and spirals further inwards towards any vortex system within the cell such as the nucleus or centriole. These act as accumulators and when a critical level of energy is acquired, further processes are triggered.

The creation of microtubules

Microtubules are created in a dynamic fashion, with energy travelling along the tubule in the form of a ring vortex. The vortex is brought to a halt at the end of the tubule, where it continues to accumulate sufficient energy to manufacture the next section of tubule. This process is identical to that used for the manufacture of the nervous system as can be seen in the video of a zebra fish embryo, with the terminal ring vortices showing up as glowing lights. [48]

The genesis of field gradients and polarity

The cell as a whole takes the form of an electromagnetic vortex field and we can expect, as natural consequences, field gradients, centripetal movement and a well-defined polarity. Many texts will describe these fields as the result of biological processes somehow arranging charged particles to create the appropriate field structures, but here the opposite is claimed; it is the electric fields that are the cause and it is the disposition of the particles that is the result. These fields create the arrangements of physical matter and not the other way around; it is natural that a vortex structure should arise from a field but not from a random collection of particles.

Biological laws consist of the interaction between fields and matter. The movement of matter is the observable effect but the vortex field is the invisible progenitor.

Guiding the microtubules

The complex field gradients and polarities thereby created are sufficient to explain the movements of organelles and the pathways taken by the emerging microtubules.

A ring vortex is a dynamic electromagnetic construct travelling through an asymmetric field. This asymmetry allows for a relative difference in ambient field strength between one side of the ring and the other. It isn’t too far fetched to think that the result is a curved trajectory. We would expect that whenever a microtubule is directed tangentially to a vortex such as the cell nucleus, its path should curve towards it; this is what is illustrated. [47]

An identical mechanism has been proposed by Konstantin Meyl as being responsible for the gravitational lensing of light around massive cosmic objects [1]. A photon is formulated as a pair of ring vortices whose trajectory is influenced by the gravitational field of a star or black hole to bend slightly towards the object, as with the microtubules.

Mitotic cell rounding

“Mitotic cell rounding is a shape change that occurs in most animal cells that undergo mitosis. Cells abandon the spread or elongated shape characteristic of interphase and contract into a spherical morphology during mitosis.” [49]

An obvious mechanism is that a simple increase of energy to the cellular vortex promotes a strengthening of the vortex and a rounding of the cell. The cell is usually pushed away from a perfect sphere by ‘pressure’ from the surrounding cells, but a stronger vortex structure pushes against the weaker neighbours and transitions the cell towards a natural spherical form.

Cellular repair via a vortex template

A short video from Michael Levin shows a single celled ‘anthrobot’ repairing a mechanically induced wound.

One very obvious interpretation of this now is that although the physical matter has been misshapen, an electromagnetic vortex persists in a necessarily circular shape and acts as a template for regeneration. Field movement of the vortex simply drags the organic matter back into a circular or spherical shape.

Implications

Enzyme reactions

For two bio-molecules to bind together, we require in general, that:

• They be brought into close proximity
• They be oriented propitiously
• Some energy be available to effect the binding

The presence of a vortex field gives plausible explanations for these three requirements.

The overall vortex structure of the cell is not a homogenous structure, but is full of complex vortex structures providing field gradients, centripetal movement and energy concentrations. The overall vortex movement will tend to accumulate matter at certain places, just as debris tends to accumulate in whirlpools in a stream.

Hexagonal ring vortices will inevitably act as field accumulators to develop strong ring vortices around the hexagon [50]. A circling electric field will give rise to a magnetic dipole and it seems likely that this will assist in the molecules adopting the required relative orientations.

Energy may be required to complete the reaction, but the molecules are already near the centre of an energy vortex and the ring vortices themselves are de facto accumulators.

Catalysts

The presence of a catalyst is necessary for certain reactions but the molecule itself may play no apparent part in the reaction. It is now easy to suggest a mechanism for this effect.

A catalytic molecule is positioned within a constantly flowing stream of ‘field energy’ and has itself a certain charge structure. The charge modifies the field flow in a similar manner to a boulder in a stream and the reactants are the recipients of the downstream effects, i.e. the catalytic effects.

The general rate of energy input to the system determines the reaction rate. Heat input is converted to vortex energy and speeds up the reaction. Stirring is the direct creation of vortex energy and speeds up the reaction.

The active site on an enzyme is some feature of the overall charge structure of the molecule within the ambient vortex field. This field is necessary to supply energy to the molecule and to give it structure. We can therefore expect different behaviour from the enzyme ex vivo.

Transmutation

Louis Kervran’s book, Biological Transmutations, contains convincing evidence that biological systems are capable of transmuting one elemental substance to another; sodium to potassium, for example. A conventional explanation seems unlikely given the vast amount of energy that is assumed to be needed, but again, an explanation from vortex physics is plausible.

The reformulation of the atom by Meyl as a cluster of electromagnetic vortices, obviates the need for strong and weak nuclear forces thereby diminishing the actual energy needed to rearrange the constituent elements. Moreover, if such a transmutation takes place near the centre of a vortex, we already have:

• An intensification of energy
• The possibility of effectively limitless accumulation of further energy over time

Kervran’s statement that the presence of an enzyme is needed for transmutation to take place, reinforces the idea that the function of some enzymes is to ‘channel’ the ambient electrodynamic field into areas of localised high energy and specific functional characteristics.

The origins of life

The problem of describing the initial formation of life on Earth seems intractable given the current state of knowledge of physics, biology and chemistry. However, a scientific world view which incorporates the idea of energy vortices makes for a very plausible scenario for the origins of cellular structures and complex bio-chemistry.

Rather than assuming a short sharp electric shock as the genesis for complex bio-chemistry, we can instead consider a steady stream of electrical energy coming from the ionosphere and maybe originating in the sun itself. [29] [30].

The electromagnetic field at the surface of the sun is observed to have self-organised into a cellular arrangement of both electric and magnetic vortices [31] so it is not unreasonable to suppose that at some point in the past, a similar arrangement was in place at the surface of the Earth. If this was the case, then a steady stream of energy was available at certain points and such energy took the form of electromagnetic vortices. Such vortices are able to affect surface water and induce a physical flow which reflects the electromagnetic field structure.

We therefore already have many of the requirements for the organisation of the first life forms:

• Global cellular structure
• Permanent energy supply
• Centripetal accumulation of energy
• Regulation of energy according to the vortex principle
• Electromagnetic field gradients
• Pressure gradients
• Induced centripetal accumulation of matter

Note that whereas the assumption of many is that the first cell evolved from bio-chemical reactions, we have here the interesting possibility that it is the electromagnetic cellular field structure which actually preceded the arrangement of matter.

The vortex field came first, self-organised into a cellular arrangement according to the basic laws of physics and thereby formed the environment necessary for the bio-chemical processes themselves.

The bio-chemistry utilises the energy supply and accumulated material from the vortex and a physical cell is constructed using the cellular field structure as a template. Molecules and organelles are then manufactured according to the varying local energy structures and gradients within the cell in a similar manner to the processes of morphogenesis that will later on lead to the construction of a full human being.

The circulation of the blood

Decades, if not centuries, of research into the mechanisms behind the circulation of blood have concluded that there is simply not enough energy imparted by the heart to drive the blood all the way around the circulatory system and that there must, as a consequence, be some additional energetic input into the bloodstream. [4]

A consensus is that, although the precise nature of the energy is not known, it nevertheless originates from the capillary beds and moves along the capillaries towards the heart.

This is entirely consistent with an overall pattern of toroidal energy flow as described in this hypothesis. Electromagnetic ‘field energy’ moves from the periphery inwards towards the capillaries where it forms vortex structures around them. This energy now spirals into the vessels and along them, somehow dragging the blood along with it.

A separate general centripetal energy flow accumulates at the heart, where it is employed to drive the pumping action and to impart more electromagnetic ‘Chi’ energy into the blood. Each individual blood cell absorbs electromagnetic field energy and stores it as a toroidal vortex current [19], whilst the physical action of the heart organises the blood flow into an overall spiral structure. This vortex structure leads to highly efficient, low viscosity, flow and a meaningful and controlled transduction of electrical to kinetic energy, thereby enabling self-propulsion of the blood down through the arteries.

The blood now moves to the periphery, driven by internal energy where it picks up additional vortex energy from the capillary beds, to form a perpetual loop powered by the centripetal concentration of the distributed energy of the whole body. Compare with Pollack’s water engine above.

This idea accounts for the missing energy and also many of the seeming anomalies in blood pressure. Blood is seen to exit the heart and enter the aorta whereupon it immediately accelerates for no apparent reason and from low to high pressure. This acceleration against the pressure gradient makes no sense from the point of view of a simple pressure pump but suggests that the blood is moving under its own impulse, thereby creating the pressure gradient by its own movement rather than being driven by it.

The water engine described by Gerald Pollack [21] provides a simplified model of the overall flow, confirming the capability of such vortex flows to self-organise and to utilise infrared radiation as an energy source. Such radiation appears to be easily incorporated into an organised energy flow in the overall form of a torus. Simply increasing infrared input speeds up the flow and decreasing it slows down the flow, this having been demonstrated in both a simple water bath and in the circulatory system of a living chick embryo. [71]

Cause and effect are inverted

A general truth of biological mysteries begins to emerge which is that actual cause and effect are frequently inverted from what seems intuitively reasonable and this leads to downstream assumptions that are ultimately at odds with observable reality.

In the case of the circulation of the blood, this has resulted in the propagation of the false idea of the heart as a pressure pump. This contradicts dozens of research papers saying the opposite but still survives as the main theory owing to its intuitively ‘obvious’ nature.

The faulty intuition arises from further basic errors and cognitive biases:

• The idea that biology is dissipative and entropic
• The idea that energy necessarily ‘radiates’ rather than accumulates
• Excessive importance attributed to visible and material entities and processes
• The view of biology as somehow ‘mechanical’
• The view of electric fields as inert, static and lacking in innate vitality

Cognition

Cognition as an electromagnetic field

Formulations of cognition as consisting of electric currents (moving electrons) are just not credible. Electrons have no organisational capability of their own and no capacity, by themselves to store information. If the cognitive processes involve the movement of electrons then there must be some organisational forces moving those electrons around.

The only way to move a charged particle around in a controlled manner is via an electric field, but static electric fields are not capable of creating a dynamic process all by themselves and hence themselves need to be organised and modulated.

The basic substrate for cognition is therefore likely to be a dynamic electromagnetic field and this implies a vortex field.

The brain has a clear physical vortex structure and we expect the electromagnetic field structure to be a reflection of this; a field which initially serves as a morphological template is maintained by its own creation and repurposed once creation is complete. Vortex fields have been found within the brain [55] and have been correlated with cognitive processes. Konstantin Meyl has stated simply: “The brain is a scalar wave computer”. [1]

The mind-body problem

“The problem centres on understanding how immaterial thoughts and feelings can interact with the material world, or whether they are ultimately physical phenomena.” – Wikipedia

In the context of the hypothesis described here, ‘thoughts’ are electromagnetic vortex structures, the bio-field itself is an electromagnetic vortex structure and even matter can be conceived of as electromagnetic vortex structures [1]. There is no separation between matter, energy, force, thought, structure and information as in existing theory; all phenomena are merely manifestations of dynamic electromagnetic activity.

A ‘thought’ (a physical vortex structure in the brain) acts to modulate the structure of the bio-field (a distributed vortex structure), which in turn manipulates matter via the charge structure (local vortex structure) of such matter. All is a pleasing unity.

The binding problem

“In its most general form, ‘The Binding Problem’ concerns how items that are encoded by distinct brain circuits can be combined for perception, decision, and action. In Science, something is called ‘a problem’ when there is no plausible model for its substrate.” [68]

The ‘plausible model’ for the substrate is now a fractal electromagnetic field with an overall toroidal structure. All information is of this form and all computation is via the physical properties of such an entity.

One possibility for the combination of such ‘impressions’ is that the relevant toroidal structures are simply merged together into a single new torus by the basic laws of physics and that this process creates an overall integrated impression or ‘quale’, whilst at the same time preserving the individuality of the separate inputs somewhere in the fractal structure.

There is no distinction here between perception, decision and action. All are manifestations of a single physical process; that of an electromagnetic vortex.

Inheritance

The requirement for biological inheritance is that a vast amount of information be passed from parent to child in a compact and usable form. We need at least:

• Morphogenic information
• Developmental information
• Regulatory procedures
• ‘Innate’ behaviour and memories
• Acquired characteristics [69][70]

The volume and nature of information required is not obviously encoded in a few gigabytes of digital data and even if such a thing could be accomplished, we would still need complicated translation and transcription procedures for all encoded data. This is cumbersome to say the least. Many geneticists are now claiming epigenetics as playing a major role in biological inheritance, but the precise mechanisms are still not clear [71].

In light of the hypothesis presented here, the preferred medium for inheritance is an electromagnetic field complex which accumulates all the necessary information and passes it on to the next generation. We have clear advantages over the digital system:

• No obvious upper limit on data storage owing to the fractal nature of the storage system
• Easy to add more information to the system as required
• No need for a separate storage and transport formats
• No need for translation or transcription
• Robustness to perturbation owing to the stability of the vortex structure
• No need for checksums and error correction

The point is that memories, goal oriented procedures, regulatory information and morphogenic information are already in the form of electromagnetic field structures which are at the same time, informational, functional and energetic. There is therefore no need for an encoding system for either storage or transport, they just need compacting into an appropriate ‘carrier vessel’ to eventually merge with the opposite gamete.

To pass on acquired characteristics, information is gathered from the system as a whole and packed into small volumes much the same way as Darwin supposed with his ‘gemmules’. However, whereas Darwin assumed material particles, we are here thinking about a persistent electromagnetic field structure.

Summary

A hypothesis has been described for an electromagnetic bio-field having a fractal toroidal topology and centripetal energy flow. Supporting arguments are given in the form of:

• An argument from theoretical topology (Hairy Ball Theorem) as to the inevitable toroidal form of continuous energy flow
• The laws of theoretical electrodynamics
• Observations of, and analogies with, toroidal structures at all scales in the cosmos
• The presence of physical toroidal structures within biology
• Considerations of energy conservation
• The biological necessity of centripetal movement and energy flow
• The necessity of the maintenance of charge gradients
• Plausible arguments for vortex structures as the basis of both form and function with multiple examples given
• Considerations of the conductive properties of tissues and their physical disposition relative to the energy structure as a whole

A further hypothesis is that the field is a carrier of biological information and that, as a consequence, we now have a theoretical unity to the whole of biology, with the bio-field being the energetic and informational basis for organisation, regulation, morphogenesis, cognition and inheritance.

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