Jayesh Bellare

Professor Jayesh Bellare examined the procedure for obtaining homeopathic solutions and found invariably and indeed inevitably that the techniques of titration and succussion actually ensured the persistence of the original substance in the final preparation. [video]

The remaining nano-particles have a biological effect via the phenomenon of hormesis.

Trituration is the first step in preparation as shown which adds lactose and creates the nano-particles which will remain in the solution and form part of the final product.

Succussion is the next step consisting of repeated dilutions of the substance followed each time by vigorous stirring or banging the containers on a table top.

The team has shown that nano-particles of the active substance survive this process despite apparent dilution.

Electron microscopy, both dark field and light filed combined with diffraction techniques provide a tried and tested way of identifying the presence of mineral nano-particles in the finished product.

Froth flotation is the mechanism by which particles of the active substance are preserved.
Bubbles form in clusters of lactose particles to create a foam which floats to the surface of the liquid, dragging with it the mineral nano-particles.

Video snapshots confirm this process and show that the bubbles only last a short time; less than two seconds.

This stage has been shown to happen also with organic medicines.

Sodium silicate is mentioned as leaching from the glass walls of the container and upon contact with the ethanol solution, polymerising into silicate chains. These have been shown to encapsulate some of the nano-particles and entrap small air bubbles thereby assisting flotation.

Hormesis is a phenomenon whereby small doses of a substance (even a toxin) may stimulate a positive reaction whilst moderate doses inhibit and large doses kill (for example alcohol). A typical dose-response curve is shown right.